In analyzing the causes and effects of United States Imperialism from 1870 to 191 6, one finds that there are three main factors. 9/1789. texts to send an aries man Search. Woodrow Wilson . The best way to consolidate their influence would be if Hawaii became part of the United States. Statue of King Kamehameha I on the Big Island of Hawaii. View this answer See full answer below. Edit. Have an account? Department of State. There are four photographs: two of William Rowell, one of Sanford B. Dole, and one of several Dole family members taken in 1899. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. Anyway, white settlers dominated Hawaiian politics after they got a foothold in the islands. . 30 seconds . Tags: Question 17 . In 1893 Sanford B. Dole (born on Kawai) organized the "Committee of Safety" ( a misnomer if there ever was one) and led a group of white sugar planters and, with the aid of US marines, overthrew the monarchy of Queen Lilinokalani . [7] In December 1880 he was commissioned as a Notary Public in Honolulu. He served in that post until his retirement on December 16, 1915 and was replaced by Horace Worth Vaughan. Guess who was appointed territorial governor? American businessmen started establishing sugar plantations in the islands, and as a result, they had a lot of influence over local politics. Dole declared Hawaii an independent republic. Ch 17 and 18 Review: Progressivism and Imperialism Key Terms and People to . Fast Facts: Sanford Dole. These history quiz questions. Although they grew up in Hawaii, these people always held close connections with the United States. View (active tab) Flashcards; Learn; Scatter; Printer Friendly. In January 1893, a revolutionary "Committee of Safety," organized by Sanford B. Dole, staged a coup against Queen Liliuokalani with the tacit support of the United States. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. SHOW MORE Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Did Hawaii have a President? You must create a headline for your article and an illustration - Imperialism--1890-1900 . American Imperialism bingo card with Imperialism, Sanford B. Dole, Pearl Harbor, Treaty of Paris, U.S.S Maine, Rough Riders, Yellow Journalism, San Juan Hill, Open Door Note Policy and Penetrate By the 1850s American missionary families in the islands had birthed more than 250 white children, considered Hawaiian subjects by the indigenous monarchy . 2022 Beckoning-cat.com. (B) describe how the . In 1778, British Captain James Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands. Teddy Roosevelt 9. Jan 1, 1602. . [9], King Kalkaua appointed Dole a justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii on December 28, 1887, and to a commission to revise judiciary laws on January 24, 1888. When did Hawaii become a territory of the United States? along the shore at the time of the coup. Learn about the role and history of U.S. imperialism in Hawaii. There were many reasons why the US wanted to annex Hawaii. On February 1 . Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. ANALYZING MOTIVESWhy do you think Sanford Dole wanted the United States to annex Hawaii? Full Name: Sanford Ballard Dole. Imperialism Continues (1875 - 1959) - In 1875, the U.S signed the Reciprocity Treaty. Nca Officer Salary Uk, 1778: British explorer James Cook becomes the first foreigner to make contact with Hawaii. It also was an important chapter in American imperialism in the 1890s, when the United States expanded its overseas influence to include territories in Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and the Caribbean. Contributor Names Pughe, J. S. (John S.), 1870-1909, artist Created / Published N.Y. : Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, 1897 January 27. Full text of "Ch. that took her place Pineapple grower Sanford B. Dole - President of new Republic of Hawaii Republic of Hawaii sought U.S. annexation Liliuokalani appealed to President Cleveland The Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 - Gave the United States economic privliges regarding Hawaiian sugar. Imperialism, Alfred T. Mahan, William Seward, Pearl Harbor, Sanford B. Dole, Jose Marti, Yellow Journalism, Valeriano Weyler, USS Maine, George Dewey, Rough Riders, San Juan Hill, . 3. Daniel Dole (1808-1878) was a Protestant missionary educator from the United States to the Hawaiian Islands. Contributor Names Pughe, J. S. (John S.), 1870-1909, artist Created / Published Who was Sanford B. Dole? In January 1893, a revolutionary "Committee of Safety," organized by Sanford B. Dole, staged a coup against Queen Liliuokalani with the tacit support of the United States. Identify factors that influenced American imperialism 3. In 1893, under the leadership of local politician Sanford B. Dole, the last Hawaiian Monarch, Queen Liliuokalani, was overthrown and the Republic of Hawaii was established. Dole Middle School, located in Kalihi Valley on the island of Oahu, was named after him in April 1956, about a century after his father founded the school in Kloa. . Why Did the United States adopt a policy of Imperialism ? What is Imperialism . Sanford Ballard Dole (April 23, 1844 - June 9, 1926) was a lawyer and jurist in the Hawaiian Islands as a kingdom, protectorate, republic, and territory. The anti-imperialists opposed expansion, believing that imperialismviolated the fundamental principle that justrepublican governmentmust derive from "consent of the governed." economic imperialism. Hawaii was made a territory in 1900, and Dole became its first governor. Openly assisted by American troops who landed under unauthorized orders of U.S. minister in Honolulu, John C. Stevens. Sanford B. Dole was the head of the new government in Hawaii What three factors fueled the new American imperialism? Stevens: "The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe and this is the golden hour for the U.S. to pluck it." From 1795 to 1810, the Hawaiian Islands became unified into a kingdom under the leadership of Kamehameha I, a chieftain from the Island of Hawaii (Big Island). But how many vacationers are aware of the arduous, early history of Hawaii? The goal of the Republic's leadership was annexation by the United States. Sanford B. Dole (Q333691) American judge (1844-1926) Sanford Dole Sanford Ballard Dole edit Statements instance of human 1 reference image Sanford Ballard Dole.jpg 1,168 1,600; 503 KB 1 reference sex or gender male 2 references country of citizenship United States of America 0 references Kingdom of Hawaii 0 references name in native language Omissions? For a wider view of the region: Map of Caribbean region Map of Latin America . New government is headed by Sanford B. Dole . Create an account to start this course today. Queen Liliuokalani was committed to restoring power to native Hawaiians, and she drafted a new constitution. The Blount Report of July 17, 1893, commissioned by President Cleveland, concluded that the Committee of Safety conspired with U.S. ambassador John L. Stevens to land the United States Marine Corps, to forcibly remove Queen Liliuokalani from power, and declare a Provisional Government of Hawaii consisting of members from the Committee of Safety. In 1849, when Kamehameha began deporting and mistreating French Catholics, the French invaded the islands, wreaked destruction, then left. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The Republic of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Lepupalika o Hawaii) was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaii between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended, and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an organized incorporated territory of the United States.In 1893 the Committee of Public Safety overthrew Kingdom of Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani after . economic imperialism. To preempt this action, in 1893 the American government sent U.S. Marines to occupy Hawaii. [16] Not long afterward, the Provisional Government held a constitutional convention. Sanford B. Dole was known as the leader of the efforts to get Hawaii annexed by the United States. Summarize the causes and effects of European and Asian imperialism 2. By the mid-1890s, that prospect seemed anything but certain. Corrections? 30 seconds . View profile. Lorrin A. Thurston declined to run for the presidency of the Republic of Hawaii, and Dole ran instead, winning election in 1894. His mother died from complications within a few days of his birth. Imperialism 5. President Mckinley wanted for a long time for Hawaii to be a state and worked together with Dole . View my complete profile . The American Anti-Imperialist League was an organization established on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippinesas aninsular area. evaluate American expansionism, including acquisitions such as Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. In the mid 1800's, before Europeans dominated Africa, the African peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic & linguistic groups. According to the PBS show "Hawaii's Last Queen" the Republic Hawaii's president Sanford Dole annexed the kingdom of Hawaii to the U.S on August 12, 1898. 1894-07-07. 'demanded from' in a sentence. 150 times. c. 1890-1920: . In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or . American Internationalism and Imperialism: 1867-1917 Overview: Unlike the previous "Manifest Destiny" where U.S. expansion . 100 Expansion of World trade. Contributing Institution. Progressives would rather threaten you with violence, silence your conservative views, or call for you to be "canceled" from our society if you oppose them. Traditionally, the Hawaiian people shared the land together. Dole requested to annex Hawaii, or add it to the U.S as an official state, but congress opposed. Sanford B. Dole is the 11,479th most popular politician (down from 9,525th in 2019) , the 4,459th most popular biography from United States (down from 3,630th in 2019) and the 282nd most popular American . Exceptional Service, Affordable Process sanford b dole views on imperialism. Sanford Ballard Dole, (born April 23, 1844, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands [U.S.]died June 9, 1926, Honolulu), first president of the Republic of Hawaii (1894-1900), and first governor of the Territory of Hawaii (1900-03) after it was annexed by the United States. . In 1855 the family moved to Kloa on the island of Kauai, where they operated another school, which Sanford attended. On July 4, 1894, this convention proclaimed the formal establishment of the Republic of Hawaii. 10.1 E-edition" See other formats In 1893 Sanford B. Dole (born on Kawai) organized the "Committee of Safety" ( a misnomer if there ever was one) and led a group of white sugar planters and, with the aid of US marines, overthrew the monarchy of Queen Lilinokalani . Learn. This allowed the U.S to gain a certain territory from Hawaii and it gave access to the sugar trade. In Hawaiian, the pale and hair-like Spanish moss is called umiumi-o-Dole, meaning "Dole's beard". Expansion and Imperialism. British Admiral Lord George Paulet also attempted to take over the islands, but after his superior condemned the action, he backed off. Hawaii was united into a single kingdom in 1810 under the leadership of Kamehameha I. 2. 10 seconds . An organization supporting annexation called the Hawaiian League led by Lorrin Thurston which took many other forms forced King Kalakaua to sign the bayonet constitution. Later Samuel Mills Damon would serve as Minister of Finance.[14]. Background Check. Following the acquisition of Hawaii and the other new colonies, in 1990, the United States would be a major player in the Boxer Rebellion war in China. This is meant to enhance student learning on imperialism, the triggers of the war (yellow journalism, imperialism, USS Maine, etc. 1 min read; Jun 05, 2022; Bagikan : pan gallego en miami . Political Science; Imperialism + World War 1 quiz. Died: June 9, 1926 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The granting of U.S. statehood to the islands after they were purchased from the Hawaiian monarch Known For: Lawyer known for working in the 1890s to bring Hawaii into the United States. Creator. As president of the republic, Dole traveled to Washington, D.C., in early 1898 to personally urge annexation of Hawaii by the United States. Sanford B. Dole, former President of Hawaii U.S goes to war against Spain - In 1898, The U.S went to war against Spain in the Spanish-American war. Just so, what role did Sanford b Dole play in imperialism . His biography is available in 28 different languages on Wikipedia (up from 27 in 2019) . Event. Stevens immediately recognized the new provisional government, headed by Harvard-trained lawyer Sanford B. Dole-a son of missionaries whose first cousin once removed would later make his surname . 0. Sanford Ballard Dole (April 23, 1844 - June 9, 1926) was a lawyer and jurist from the Hawaiian Islands. Sanford B. Dole was asked to serve as president, and by the next morning he had accepted the offer. The Republic of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Lepupalika o Hawaii) was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaii between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended, and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an organized incorporated territory of the United States.In 1893 the Committee of Public Safety overthrew Kingdom of Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani after . Try it now . Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Throughout the 19th century, European and American interference in Hawaii led to political instability. National Archives at College Park - Textual Reference. Soon after, Americans began to settle in the islands. -Americans lead by Ambassador Stevens overthrow the Queen They establish the Republic of Hawaii They put Sanford B. Dole at the head of the new government They try to become annexed by the United States Now democratic and tax free goods, no tarrif on the banas because it's a [part of the US. If Broker A Offers To Cooperate With Broker B, [3][4], Dole attended Oahu College for one year and then Williams College in 18661867. For roughly a millennium, the people of Hawaii lived in this traditional manner. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. Anti-Imperialism . The rest of the land was use to install sugar companies. By now you get the idea: increasingly, the Kingdom of Hawaii found itself being subjugated to the whims of European powers. 3. View All Events. By the late 19 By the late 19 th th century, what century, what region, or continent, was the . Dole's government secured diplomatic recognition from every nation that had recognized the Kingdom of Hawaii, and weathered several attempts to restore the monarchy, including a January 1895 counter-rebellion led by Robert William Wilcox. In June 1887 local businessmen, sugar planters, and politicians backed by the Honolulu Rifles forced the dismissal of the cabinet of controversial Walter M. Gibson and forced the adoption of the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Hawaii also leased Pearl Harbor to the United States In 1893, Sanford B. Dole, a pineapple planter with the help of the Marines, removed Queen Liliuokalani from the throne. There was a revolt by some pro-American Hawaiians Supported by U.S. diplomat John L. Stevens Queen Liliuokalani overthrown and imprisoned Stevens recognized the provisional govt. In July 1898, McKinley signed the Newlands Resolution, which formally annexed the Hawaiian Islands and created the Territory of the Hawaii. Therefore, the U.S finally decided to annex Hawaii as a U.S territory to help the U.S fight the Spanish Phillippines. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Despite this, Hawaii was recognized as an independent country by foreign powers. Primary tabs. answer choices. President Grover Cleveland sent a U.S official to restore the monarchy and make peace with the . In the film Princess Kaiulani, his role was played by Will Patton. saw an opportunity to promote the views of the Annexation Club and formed a new Committee of Safety. clay.cook. "The Spanish-American-Cuban War" page 589 1. Who was the leader of the 1895 Cuban revolt against Spain? English Deutsch Franais Espaol Portugus Italiano Romn Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Trke Suomi Latvian Lithuanian esk Unknown kutztown university engineering; this old house kevin o'connor wife; when a flashlight grows dim quote; pet friendly rv campgrounds in florida 1903- The 48mile international waterway allows ships to pass between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, saving about 8,000 miles. View Ch 17 and 18 Review_ Progressivism and Imperialism.pdf from HISTORY MISC at Florida Panhandle Technical College. History. This is accomplished through the direct acquisition of land and/or economic and political domination. Log in now . apprenticeship under a lawyer and may have not required an examination,[5] and thirty years later he would receive an honorary LL.D. Queen Liliuokalani 4. D. Tiny minority of white planters led by Sanford B. Dole organized successful revolt in 1893. [1], Dole was born April 23, 1844, in Honolulu to Protestant Christian missionaries from Maine in the United States. Here's The Thing Podcast Kevonstage, Everything changed in 1778, when British explorer James Cook encountered the Hawaiian Islands on his third exploration voyage. B; Imperialism: Extension of a nation's power over other lands: Bayonet Constitution: A constitution the king of Hawaii was forced to sign which severely restricted his power and deprived most hawaiians of the vote: Liliuikalani: Hawaiian nationalist who wanted to do away with the bayonet constitution: Sanford B. Dole Racist Roots: Belief is racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxons led many to claim the U.S. a country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. After the successful coup, the American government recognized Dole's new government and officially claimed Hawaii as a U.S Protectorate imperialism. In 1893, U.S. Marines invaded the island and overthrew the Queen. The following is an excerpt from her speech to the court, in which she explains her views on patriotism. In fact, it came into American possession through a painful and complex series of events. Create your account. Imperialismthe policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territorieswas already a trend around the world. Refusing to recognize Clevelands authority in the matter, Dole and his colleagues established the Republic of Hawaii (1894), with Dole as president, and continued to seek annexation. - The given territory to the U.S was used to make a military base called Pearl Harbor. -Americans lead by Ambassador Stevens overthrow the Queen They establish the Republic of Hawaii They put Sanford B. Dole at the head of the new government They try to become annexed by the United States Now democratic and tax free goods, no tarrif on the banas because it's a [part of the US. One such businessman was Sanford B. Dole, grandson of Daniel Dole and cousin of James Dole, who, despite President Grover Cleveland's declaration of the overthrow an act of war and recommendation that the . This is meant to enhance student learning on imperialism, the triggers of the war (yellow journalism, imperialism, USS Maine, etc. Spurred by the nationalism aroused by the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 at the urging of President William McKinley. Imperialism, Alfred T. Mahan, William Seward, Pearl Harbor, Sanford B. Dole, Jose Marti, Yellow Journalism, Valeriano Weyler, USS Maine, George Dewey, Rough Riders, San Juan Hill, . The Bayonet Constitution severely limited the power of the monarchy and gave increased power to immigrants. Imperialism. Action of stronger countries dominating weaker ones, mostly to the benefit of the stronger nations; military forced is used when necessary, Belief that white Anglo-Saxons were a superior race and that all others were second-class citizens, The reason for Businessmen in America to look for new markets for their product., Alfred T. Mahan wrote, "The Influence of the Sea Power Upon History" in . Subject Headings Sanford B. Dole, an elderly judge with a flowing, white beard, became its president. After working as a lawyer in Boston as a young man, he returned to Hawaii and became. ignored him U.S. did nothing about it -didn't want to interfere Jun 23 8:00 AM - 3:00 PM EDT. Imperialismthe policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territorieswas already a trend around the world. The American government and its allies in Hawaii wanted to protect the interests of the American businessmen who controlled Hawaii's economy, and it was interested in Hawaii's strategic location in the center of the Pacific Ocean. Miami Beach Convention Center Testing Hours, Sanford B. Dole's interview Becoming President of the Republic of Hawaii His views on imperialism Missionaries in Hawaii You must include a concluding paragraph that explains how an anti-imperialist would respond to the Alfred Mahan's view on acquiring colonies. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sanford-Ballard-Dole, HawaiiHistory.org - Biography of Sanford Ballard Dole, Sanford Ballard Dole - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). How to use 'demanded from' in a sentence? In January 1893, a revolutionary "Committee of Safety," organized by Sanford B. Dole, staged a coup against Queen Liliuokalani with the tacit support of the United States. Although Dole declined to officially be part of the Committee of Safety, he helped draft their declaration. Slide 1 SKILLBUILDER (p. 692) Types of Nationalist Movements TypeCharacteristicsExamples Unification Mergers of politically divided, but culturally similar lands 19 th century Sanford Ballard Dole Sanford Ballard Dole | president of the Republic of Hawaii | Britannica. Dole was a self declared president before annexation and because of his relation with the US he became the first governor of Hawaii. Sanford B. Dole's interview Becoming President of the Republic of Hawaii His views on imperialism Missionaries in Hawaii You must include a concluding paragraph that explains how an anti-imperialist would respond to the Alfred Mahan's view on acquiring colonies. The Age of Imperialism: An online History. Islands administered by . Who was the president? Sanford Ballard Dole, (born April 23, 1844, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands [U.S.]died June 9, 1926, Honolulu), first president of the Republic of Hawaii (1894-1900), and first governor of the Territory of Hawaii (1900-03) after it was annexed by the United States. The Age of Imperialism: An online History. Hawaii was made a territory in 1900, and Dole became its first governor. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles contributed to the start of World War II in Europe. 121 experts online. Sanford B. Dole transfers sovereignty of Hawaii to the United States at Iolani Palace in Honolulu, August 12, 1898. Sanford B. Dole was asked to serve as president, and by the next morning he had accepted the offer. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or . Print shows Sanford B. Dole, President of the Republic of Hawaii, conducting a land auction, selling property that he probably does not own, and contributing to the Americanization of Hawaii. Desire for military strength Thirst for new markets Belief in cultural superiority What did the U.S. do to strengthen their military? Though she later denied ever having recommended any such thing, her alleged attitude lost her the goodwill of the Cleveland administration, which thereupon recognized the Republic of Hawaii on July 4, 1894.[15]. that are only available to members that contribute. 11th grade. Worldwide Views of Imperialism. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles contributed to the start of World War II in Europe. [8] 405 sentences with 'demanded from'. 0. Imperialism refers to the creation of an empire with one central governing body as head, where benefits derive for the lead nation (may be physical, economic, political control). 1. strengthened their naval force Why did we need new markets to sell goods in? In 1993, on the anniversary of the overthrow of the monarchy, the US Congress passed the Apology Resolution, which recognized that the overthrow of the monarchy was done without the consent of the people of Hawaii and with assistance from the United States government. Section 3 Slideshow 4400402 by. After the overthrow of the monarchy, he served as the President of the Republic of Hawaii until his government secured Hawaii's annexation by the United States. On February 1, Minister. The annexation of Hawaii was the culmination of decades of efforts by American business interests and their supporters in the Hawaiian Islands. Question 5 . 11th grade. All rights reserved. They also formed an armed militia. Dole in turn appointed Thurston to lead the lobbying effort in Washington, D.C., to secure Hawaii's annexation by the United States. saw an opportunity to promote the views of the Annexation Club and formed a new Committee of Safety. America & The Age of Imperialism 2. In 1903 he resigned to become judge of the U.S. district court of Hawaii, a post he held until his retirement in 1915. How were Queen Liliuokalani and Sanford B. Dole connected? Tags: Question 16 . President William McKinley's nomination of Sanford B. Dole to be Governor of the Territory of Hawaii, May 4, 1900 Under the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900, which created the government of the Territory of Hawaii, Hawaiians did not elect their governor. Because the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown without the consent of Hawaii's people, and because the annexation happened without the consent of Hawaii's people, many scholars consider the annexation to be illegal. Identify factors that influenced American imperialism 3. The following is an excerpt from her speech to the court, in which she explains her views on patriotism. Dole declared Hawaii an independent republic. pray for the destruction of your enemies kjv / 1 monster way corona, ca 92879 / sanford b dole views on imperialism. Died: June 9, 1926 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Sanford B. Dole was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1844. At the hands of Dole and the provisional government, Queen Liliuokalani was forced to abdicate the throne. The two primary methods of imperialism are military conquest and political diplomacy. He Died June 9, 1926, he was the first president of the Republic of Hawaii (1894-1900), and first governor of the Territory of Hawaii (1900-1903) after it was annexed by the United States. He has a Master of Arts in diplomacy from Norwich University, and a professional doctorate from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, with a certificate of specialization in Pacific-Asian Legal Studies. Missionaries in Hawaii. By the 1850s American missionary families in the islands had birthed more than 250 white children, considered Hawaiian subjects by the indigenous monarchy . 1894 , with Dole as president. Events in Chronological order leading to the illegal act of invading Hawaii. In just five years, Hawaii went from being an internationally recognized constitutional monarchy to being a colony of the United States, one of several new territories acquired that year along with the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. In 1873 he married Anna Prentice Cate. sanford b dole views on imperialism. Over time, they established chiefdoms on each one of the islands and developed complex systems of government, agriculture, land stewardship, and culture. Browse e12806.aef resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for . Hawaii was made a territory in 1900, and Dole became its first governor. [11] Contributor Names Pughe, J. S. (John S.), 1870-1909, artist Created / Published N.Y. : Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, 1897 January 27. Nationalism . EVALUATING In your opinion, did Sanford B. Dole and . castle lake mastiffs; stetson open road knock off; new idea uni system history

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